Software Development

How to Implement Sort Indirection in SQL

I’ve recently stumbled upon this interesting Stack Overflow question, where the user essentially wanted to ensure that resulting records are delivered in a well-defined order.

They wrote

 
 
 
 
 
 

SELECT name
FROM product
WHERE name IN ('CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556',
               'CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877',
               'NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605',
               'GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839')

They got

CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556
CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877
GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839
NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605

They wanted

CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556
CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877
NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605
GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839

Very often, according to your business rules, sorting orders are not “natural”, as in numeric sorting or in alpha-numeric sorting. Some business rule probably specified that GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839 needs to appear last in a list. Or the user might have re-arranged product names in their screen with drag and drop, producing new sort order.

We could discuss, of course, if such sorting should be performed in the UI layer or not, but let’s assume that the business case or the performance requirements or the general architecture needed for this sorting to be done in the database. How to do it? Through…

Sort Indirection

In fact, you don’t want to sort by the product name, but by a pre-defined enumeration of such names. In other words, you want a function like this:

CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556 -> 1
CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877 -> 2
NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605 -> 3
GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839 -> 4

With plain SQL, there are many ways to do the above. Here are two of them (also seen in my Stack Overflow answer):

By using a CASE expression

You can tell the database the explicit sort indirection easily, using a CASE expression in your ORDER BY clause:

SELECT name
FROM product
WHERE name IN ('CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556',
               'CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877',
               'NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605',
               'GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839')
ORDER BY 
  CASE WHEN name = 'CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556' THEN 1
       WHEN name = 'CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877' THEN 2
       WHEN name = 'NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605' THEN 3
       WHEN name = 'GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839' THEN 4
  END

Note that I’ve used the CASE WHEN predicate THEN value END syntax, because this is implemented in all SQL dialects. Alternatively (if you’re not using Apache Derby), you could also save some characters when typing, writing:

ORDER BY 
  CASE name WHEN 'CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556' THEN 1
            WHEN 'CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877' THEN 2
            WHEN 'NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605' THEN 3
            WHEN 'GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839' THEN 4
  END

Of course, this requires repeating the same values in the predicate and in the sort indirection. This is why, in some cases, you might be more lucky …

By using INNER JOIN

In the following example, the predicate and the sort indirection are taken care of in a simple derived table that is INNER JOIN‘ed to the original query:

SELECT product.name
FROM product
JOIN (
  VALUES('CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556', 1),
        ('CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877', 2),
        ('NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605', 3),
        ('GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839', 4)
) AS sort (name, sort)
ON product.name = sort.name
ORDER BY sort.sort

The above example is using PostgreSQL syntax, but you might be able to implement the same in a different way in your database.

Using jOOQ’s sort indirection API

Sort indirection is a bit tedious to write out, which is why jOOQ has a special syntax for this kind of use-case, which is also documented in the manual. Any of the following statements perform the same as the above query:

// jOOQ generates 1, 2, 3, 4 as values in the
// generated CASE expression
DSL.using(configuration)
   .select(PRODUCT.NAME)
   .from(PRODUCT)
   .where(NAME.in(
      "CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556",
      "CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877",
      "NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605",
      "GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839"
   ))
   .orderBy(PRODUCT.NAME.sortAsc(
      "CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556",
      "CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877",
      "NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605",
      "GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839"
   ))
   .fetch();

// You can choose your own indirection values to
// be generated in the CASE expression
   .orderBy(PRODUCT.NAME.sort(
      new HashMap<String, Integer>() {{
        put("CE367FAACDHCANPH-151556", 2);
        put("CE367FAACEX9ANPH-153877", 3);
        put("NI564FAACJSFANPH-162605", 5);
        put("GE526OTACCD3ANPH-149839", 8);
      }}
   ))

Conclusion

Sort indirection is a nice trick to have up your sleeves every now and then. Never forget that you can put almost arbitrary column expressions in your SQL statement’s ORDER BY clause. Use them!

Lukas Eder

Lukas is a Java and SQL enthusiast developer. He created the Data Geekery GmbH. He is the creator of jOOQ, a comprehensive SQL library for Java, and he is blogging mostly about these three topics: Java, SQL and jOOQ.
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4 Comments
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Stephen McConnell
Stephen McConnell
10 years ago

This is nice if you already know the all values in the data set. But can you show an example where you DON’T know the values, but you have an odd sort order?

Lukas Eder
10 years ago

Everything is possible! But what’s the use-case? I’ll write you a SQL statement (or a follow-up blog post) if you give me concrete requirements :-)

Stephen McConnell
Stephen McConnell
10 years ago

Sure. In the instance of the set of all SKUs in an inventory. The prefix number in the SKU determines the product type (in your above example like CE367FAACDHCANPH representing Orchids and CE367FAACDHTRAPED representing Roses and NI564FAACJSFANPH representing Tulip Bulbs…. etc and the numerical part representing the color and packaging etc). If one wanted to sort thousands of SKUs that represent an inventory how would one do this? I’m not saying it couldn’t be done…. And I really like the concept. (I used to work with a boss that thought EVERY thing should be done in SQL). Just wanted to… Read more »

Lukas Eder
10 years ago

Thanks for the feedback, I really appreciate it. You’ll find lots of other SQL articles on our blog, here: http://blog.jooq.org/category/sql Well given your example, I suspect that if this is a use-case, you’ll probably either: – Persist that sorting order in another table, i.e. instead of using that VALUES() constructor, you’d actually store the sorting order in a table and join that when needed. This external table can then be partitioned, e.g. by vendor, user, etc. – Keep that sorting in application memory, if it is more volatile. I like your previous boss. You should send him our contact info… Read more »

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