There are multiple programming styles/paradigms, but two well-known ones are Imperative and Functional.
Imperative programming is the most dominant paradigm as nearly all mainstream languages (C++, Java, C#) have been promoting it. But in the last few years functional programming started to gain attention. One of the main driving factors is that simply all new computers are shipped with 4, 8, 16 or more cores and it’s very difficult to write a parallel program in imperative style to utilize all cores. Functional style moves this difficultness to the runtime level and frees developers from hard and error-prone work.
Wait! So what’s the difference between these two styles.
Imperative programming is a paradigm where you tell how exactly and which exact statements machine/runtime should execute to achieve desired result.
Functional programming is a form of declarative programming paradigm where you tell what you would like to achieve and machine/runtime determines the best way how to do it.
Functional style moves the how part to the runtime level and helps developers focus on the what part. By abstracting the how part we can write more maintainable and scalable software.
To handle the challenges introduced by multicore machines and to remain attractive for developers Java 8 introduced functional paradigm next to imperative one.
Enough theory, let’s implement few programming challenges in Imperative and Functional style using Java and see the difference.
Fibonacci Sequence Imperative vs Functional (The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, … The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.)
Fibonacci Sequence in iterative and imperative style
public static int fibonacci(int number) {
int fib1 = 1;
int fib2 = 1;
int fibonacci = fib1;
for (int i = 2; i < number; i++) {
fibonacci = fib1 + fib2;
fib1 = fib2;
fib2 = fibonacci;
}
return fibonacci;
}
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.print(fibonacci(i) +" ");
}
// Output: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55As you can see here we are focusing a lot on how (iteration, state) rather that what we want to achieve.
Fibonacci Sequence in iterative and functional style
IntStream fibonacciStream = Stream.iterate(
new int[]{1, 1},
fib -> new int[] {fib[1], fib[0] + fib[1]}
).mapToInt(fib -> fib[0]);
fibonacciStream.limit(10).forEach(fib ->
System.out.print(fib + " "));
// Output: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55In contrast, you can see here we are focusing on what we want to achieve.
Prime Numbers Imperative vs Functional (A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.)
Prime Number in imperative style
public boolean isPrime(long number) {
for(long i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(number); i++) {
if(number % i == 0) return false;
}
return number > 1;
}
isPrime(9220000000000000039L) // Output: trueAgain here we are focusing a lot on how (iteration, state).
Prime Number in functional style
public boolean isPrime(long number) {
return number > 1 &&
LongStream
.rangeClosed(2, (long) Math.sqrt(number))
.noneMatch(index -> number % index == 0);
}
isPrime(9220000000000000039L) // Output: trueHere again we are focusing on what we want to achieve. The functional style helped us to abstract away the process of explicitly iterating over the range of numbers.
You might now think, hmmm, is this all we can have …. ? Let’s see how can we use all our cores (gain parallelism) in functional style.
public boolean isPrime(long number) {
return number > 1 &&
LongStream
.rangeClosed(2, (long) Math.sqrt(number))
.parallel()
.noneMatch(index -> number % index == 0);
}
isPrime(9220000000000000039L) // Output: trueThat’s it! We just added .parallel() to the stream. You can see how library/runtime handles complexity for us.
Factorial Imperative vs Functional ( The factorial of n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.)
Factorial in iterative and imperative style
public long factorial(int n) {
long product = 1;
for ( int i = 1; i <= n; i++ ) {
product *= i;
}
return product;
}
factorial(5) // Output: 120Factorial in iterative and functional style
public long factorial(int n) {
return LongStream
.rangeClosed(1, n)
.reduce((a, b) -> a * b)
.getAsLong();
}
factorial(5) // Output: 120It’s worth repeating that by abstracting the how part we can write more maintainable and scalable software.
To see all the functional goodies introduced by Java 8 check out the following Lambda Expressions, Method References and Streams guide.
| Reference: | Functional vs Imperative Programming. Fibonacci, Prime and Factorial in Java 8 from our JCG partner Artur Mkrtchyan at the Java Advent Calendar blog. |
Do we have compare performance of those two style.
Good discussion