Nginx installation on Linux

Gabriel CanepaJanuary 24th, 2016Last Updated: December 4th, 2017

1 208 9 minutes read

This article is part of our Academy Course titled Introduction to Nginx.

This course will introduce you to the magic of nginx. You will learn to install and configure nginx for a variety of software platforms and how to integrate it with Apache. Additionally, you will get involved with more advanced concepts like Load Balancing, SSL configuration and Websockets proxying. Check it out here!

1. Introduction

2. Installation of Nginx in Debian Wheezy 7.2 using online repositories

3. Installation of Nginx in Debian Wheezy 7.2 from sources

4. Installation of Nginx on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

5. Use of the checkinstall package to keep track of all the files created or modified by an installation script

6. Installing Nginx in CentOS 6.4

6.1. From repositories
6.2. From sources
6.3. Enabling modules

7. Adding Nginx as a system service

1. Introduction

Nginx (pronunced “engine x”) is – in few words- a small, powerful, and scalable web/proxy server. According to a recent survh2ey performed by Netcraft, Nginx powers more than 15% of the web, equating to 111,680,078 sites [1], including giants like Netflix and WordPress.com.

Nginx is available under the Simplified BSD License, an open source license, and can be installed either from online repositories or from sources. In this article we will cover the installation of Nginx in Debian, Ubuntu, and CentOS using both methods. It is important to note that the repositories are often somewhat out-of-date. If we want the latest features and bugfixes, it’s recommended to build from source or use packages directly from nginx.org.

2. Installation of Nginx in Debian Wheezy 7.2 using online repositories

Using aptitude, the high-level interface to the Debian GNU/Linux package manager, we can check the list of packages related to Nginx (see Fig. 1). However, it is advisable to run the command aptitude update first in order to see an updated list of available packages.

(By the way, the letter “p” in the first column indicates that no trace of the package currently exists on the system).

If we can’t decide which package to install, aptitude search -followed by a package name such as aptitude search nginx– is our friend and will help us to make up our minds as to which one is right for us. Based on the description of each package listed above, we will proceed with the installation of nginx-full (see Fig. 2). It is important to note that the description of each package lists the additional modules that are available by default through the installation using repositories, but we’ll cross that bridge when we get there – later in this tutorial.

Figure 2: Installation of nginx-full in Debian Wheezy 7.2 using repositories

At this point, Nginx has been installed but it is not running yet. We will set things in motion with service nginx start and then we will be able to see its start page in a web browser (see Fig. 3).

Then the following command will show us the version of Nginx that we have just installed (see Fig. 4):

004_1 — Figure 4: Nginx v1.2.1 installed from repositories

However, as of today the latest version of Nginx is 1.5.6, while version 1.2.1 is dated June 05, 2012 [2]. That goes to show that we need to install the program from sources if we want to use the latest, up-to-date version.

3. Installation of Nginx in Debian Wheezy 7.2 from sources

Please note that the following instructions represent the default way of building a package from scratch in Linux, so be advised that the regular installation procedure using ./configure, make, and make install makes it harder for you to uninstall the package later if you don’t want to use it anymore because there is no way for the system to keep track of all the files that were added / modified during the process.

In summary, you should have a valid reason (a very good one, actually!) for compiling a package using the method mentioned above. There are a couple of valid reasons why you may want to do so, though. The most common reason is to install a more recent version of a certain package in your system; another reason is to compile in order to add support for a particular feature.

If you build and install a .deb or a .rpm file, then the corresponding package manager (aptitude / apt-get or yum, respectively) will be aware of the presence of the package and it will make sure that you do not overwrite the files of a previously installed package. On the other hand, the make install command will overwrite anything that gets in its way. We will discuss later the other options that we have when we DO have a valid reason to compile and install a package from source.

Now that we have decided that we will not settle for less than the latest version of Nginx, we need to follow these steps to download the compressed tarball from http://nginx.org/download/ and uncompress it before proceeding with the build per se.

Download the tarball: wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.5.6.tar.gz
Uncompress it: tar xvzf nginx-1.5.6.tar.gz
Go to the directory that was automatically created during the last step: cd nginx-1.5.6

And then:

./configure (add the --help option if you want to list all the configuration options). The output of ./configure shows the directory where Nginx will be installed (/usr/local/nginx, see Fig. 5)
Figure 5: Nginx installation path
make
make install

Even when the installation is complete, the directory where Nginx is located has not yet been added to the PATH environment variable (see Fig. 6)

Now let’s add the /usr/local/nginx/sbin directory to the PATH variable and let’s check the version of Nginx that we have just installed from sources (see Fig. 7).

Figure 7: The PATH variable (after) and Nginx v1.5.6 installed from sources

NOTE: During the configure process, it is possible that the system will complain about missing libraries (see Fig. 8). In that case we can either installed the packages that provide such libraries (in our case, libpcre3-dev and zlib1g-dev) or ignore them during configure.

4. Installation of Nginx on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

Even though the latest version of Ubuntu is 13.10 (codename Saucy Salamander, released on October 17^th, 2013) we have chosen to perform the installation on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (codename Precise Pangolin) due to the extended support provided by Canonical until April 2017.

We will proceed to update sources with sudo aptitude update and then install nginx-full from the distribution’s online repositories. The “sudo” keyword must be added as in Ubuntu the root account is disabled by default (see Fig. 9). Other than that, the installation will not differ significantly than the same procedure that we just performed in Debian. The same applies to the installation from source code.

Figure 9: Installing package nginx-full in Ubuntu from repositories

However, we can see that the available version is even more outdated in this case (see Fig. 10).

010_1 — Figure 10: Nginx version installed in Ubuntu from repos

As before, we will remove (uninstall) all packages related to nginx before proceeding with the installation from source code (see Fig. 11).

As before, after installing Nginx from source code, we have the latest and up-to-date version of the package (see Fig. 12):

However, when it comes to starting Nginx –and just as what would have happened had we tried to do so in Debian- we will most likely get a nginx: unrecognized service error message (see Fig. 13).

This is due to the fact that we have installed the package from sources and therefore the startup script has not yet been put in place. In this case, we can either start the nginx daemon by running the main executable from the command line using its full path (/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx) or by writing a script that will take care of the job for us – of course this last option represents the best choice as we want to be able to use all of the usual arguments (start, stop, restart, reload, and so on). Also, we can just use one of the startup scripts provided along with this tutorial (which we can also modify to better suit our needs).

Once we have added the script in the /etc/init.d directory (and named it nginx), we need to change the DAEMON variable to point to /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx and include the installation directory (/usr/local/nginx/sbin) in the PATH variable (see Figs. 14a and 14b):

Figure 14a: Nginx startup script (before)

Figure 14b: Nginx startup script (after)

Then we can run the script as follows (see Fig. 15a):

015_1 — Figure 15a: Nginx listening on port 80 with PID 1931

Also, we need to make sure that the nginx.conf file “knows” where to find the PID of Nginx. Uncomment the following line in nginx.conf (see Fig. 15c, most likely it will be found in /usr/local/nginx/conf) and change the path to the one that the startup script indicates (see Fig. 15b):

015b_1 — Figure 15b: The file /var/run/$NAME.pid (where $NAME=nginx) contains the current PID of Nginx

5. Use of the `checkinstall` package to keep track of all the files created or modified by an installation script

The checkinstall package (see Fig. 16) keeps track of all the files created or modified during the installation process. It also creates and installs a package (.deb or .rpm) that is compatible with your package manager (see Figs. 16 and 17), which can be used later to completely remove the package if you don’t need it anymore. Check the attached man page for details on its use.

Figure 16a: Installation of the checkinstall package

Figure 16b: Creating a .deb file with checkinstall and make install (I)

Figure 16c: Creating a .deb file with checkinstall and make install (II)

When we run aptitude search nginx, the package that we just installed will appear with the comments that we added as description (see Fig. 17):

6. Installing Nginx in CentOS 6.4

6.1. From repositories

Download and install nginx yum configuration file from http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6. Make sure you select the appropriate architecture; “noarch” is a safe choice:
- Download: wget http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm
- Install: rpm -ivh nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm
Install nginx: yum install nginx
Start nginx: service nginx start

6.2. From sources

Follow the same procedure as for Debian and Ubuntu.

6.3. Enabling modules

According to its wiki [3], Nginx modules must be selected during compile as run-time selection of modules is not currently supported. A full summary of the compile-time options, including optional modules, can be found in the provided configure script by running ./configure --help. Unfortunately, if we have installed Nginx installed and want to add a certain module, we will have to uninstall it and the recompile it with support for the desired module.

For a list of the standard HTTP modules, refer to Table 1 [4]:

Name	Description	Version	configure argument to disable
HTTP Core	Control ports, locations, error pages, aliases, and other essentials.		–without-http
Access	Allow/deny based on IP address.		–without-http_access_module
Auth Basic	Basic HTTP authentication.		–without-http_auth_basic_module
Auto Index	Generates automatic directory listings.		–without-http_autoindex_module
Browser	Interpret “User-Agent” string.	0.4.3	–without-http_browser_module
Charset	Recode web pages.		–without-http_charset_module
Empty GIF	Serve a 1×1 image from memory.	0.3.10	–without-http_empty_gif_module
FastCGI	FastCGI Support.		–without-http_fastcgi_module
Geo	Set config variables using key/value pairs of IP addresses.	0.1.17	–without-http_geo_module
Gzip	Gzip responses.		–without-http_gzip_module
Headers	Set arbitrary HTTP response headers.
Index	Controls which files are to be used as index.
Limit Requests	Limit frequency of connections from a client.	0.7.20	–without-http_limit_req_module
Limit Conn	Limit concurrent connections based on a variable.		–without-http_limit_conn_module
Log	Customize access logs.
Map	Set config variables using arbitrary key/value pairs.	0.3.16	–without-http_map_module
Memcached	Memcached support.		–without-http_memcached_module
Proxy	Proxy to upstream servers.		–without-http_proxy_module
Referer	Filter requests based on Referer header.		–without-http_referer_module
Rewrite	Request rewriting using regular expressions.		–without-http_rewrite_module
SCGI	SCGI protocol support.	0.8.42	–without-http_scgi_module
Split Clients	Splits clients based on some conditions	0.8.37	–without-http_split_clients_module
SSI	Server-side includes.		–without-http_ssi_module
Upstream	For load-balancing.		–without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module (ip_hash directive only)
User ID	Issue identifying cookies.		–without-http_userid_module
uWSGI	uWSGI protocol support.	0.8.40	–without-http_uwsgi_module
X-Accel	X-Sendfile-like module.

Table 1: Standard HTTP modules

For a list of option HTTP modules, refer to Table 2 [5]:

Name	Description	Version	configure argument to enable
Addition	Append text to pages.		–with-http_addition_module
Auth Request	Implements client authorization based on the result of a subrequest.	1.5.4	–with-http_auth_request_module
Degradation	Allow to return 204 or 444 code for some locations on low memory condition.	0.8.25	–with-http_degradation_module
Embedded Perl	Use Perl in Nginx config files.	0.3.21	–with-http_perl_module
FLV	Flash Streaming Video	0.4.7	–with-http_flv_module
GeoIP	Creates variables with information from the MaxMind GeoIP binary files.	0.8.6, 0.7.63	–with-http_geoip_module
Google Perftools	Google Performance Tools support.	0.6.29	–with-google_perftools_module
Gzip Precompression	Serves precompressed versions of static files.	0.6.23	–with-http_gzip_static_module
Gunzip	On-the-fly decompressing of gzipped responses.	1.3.6	–with-http_gunzip_module
Image Filter	Transform images with Libgd	0.7.54	–with-http_image_filter_module
MP4	Enables mp4 streaming with seeking ability.	1.1.3, 1.0.7	–with-http_mp4_module
Random Index	Randomize directory indexes.	0.7.15	–with-http_random_index_module
Real IP	For using nginx as backend	0.3.8	–with-http_realip_module
Secure Link	Protect pages with a secret key.	0.7.18	–with-http_secure_link_module
SSL	HTTPS/SSL support.		–with-http_ssl_module
Stub Status	View server statistics.	0.1.18	–with-http_stub_status_module
Substitution	Replace text in pages		–with-http_sub_module
WebDAV	WebDAV pass-through support.	0.3.38	–with-http_dav_module
XSLT	Post-process pages with XSLT.	0.7.8	–with-http_xslt_module

Table 2: Optional HTTP modules

For a list of mail modules, refer to Table 3 [6]:

Name	Description	configure argument
Mail Core	Core parameters for mail module.	–with-mail
POP3	POP3 settings.	–without-mail_pop3_module
IMAP	IMAP settings.	–without-mail_imap_module
SMTP	SMTP settings.	–without-mail_smtp_module
Auth HTTP	Use Nginx to authenticate mail services.
Proxy	Nginx can proxy IMAP, POP3, and SMTP protocols.
SSL	This module ensures SSL/TLS support for POP3/IMAP/SMTP.	–with-mail_ssl_module

Table 3: Mail modules

As an example, we will recompile Nginx to include the Addition module (see Fig. 18):

Figure 18: Recompiling Nginx with the Addition module

7. Adding Nginx as a system service

Debian / Ubuntu: update-rc.d –f nginx defaults (use sudo on Ubuntu)

Note: If any files /etc/rcrunlevel.d/[SK]??name already exist then update-rc.d does nothing. The program was written this way so that it will never change an existing configuration, which may have been customized by the system administrator. The program will only install links if none are present, i.e., if it appears that the service has never been installed before [7].